A Introduction to Sociology Statistics

Sociological research can have three distinct goals: description, explanation, and prediction. The description is always an important part of the research, but most sociologists attempt to explain and predict what they observe. The three research methods most commonly used by sociologists are observational techniques, surveys, and experiments. In each case, measurement is involved that yields a set of numbers, which are the findings, or data, produced by the research study. Sociologists and other scientists summarize data, find relationships between sets of data, and determine whether experimental manipulations have affected some variable of interest. The word statistics has two meanings: The field that applies mathematical techniques to the organizing, summarizing, and interpreting of data. The actual mathematical techniques themselves. Knowledge of statistics has many practical benefits. Even a rudimentary knowledge of statistics will make you better able to evaluate statistical claims made by reporters, weather forecasters, television advertisers, political candidates, government officials, and other persons who may use statistics in the information or arguments they present. Representation of Data Data are often represented in frequency distributions, which indicate the frequency of each score in a set of scores. Sociologists also use graphs to represent data. These include pie graphs, frequency histograms, and line graphs. Line graphs are important in representing the results of experiments because they are used to illustrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics summarize and organize research data. Measures of central tendency represent the typical score in a set of scores. The mode is the most frequently occurring score, the median is the middle score, and the mean is the arithmetic average of the set of scores. Measures of variability represent the degree of dispersion of scores. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores. The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean of the set of scores, and the standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Many kinds of measurements fall on a normal, or bell-shaped, curve. A certain percentage of scores fall below each point on the abscissa of the normal curve. Percentiles identify the percentage of scores that fall below a particular score. Correlational Statistics Correlational statistics assess the relationship between two or more sets of scores. A correlation may be positive or negative and vary from 0.00 to plus or minus 1.00. The existence of a correlation does not necessarily mean that one of the correlated variables causes changes in the other. Nor does the existence of a correlation preclude that possibility. Correlations are commonly graphed on scatter plots. Perhaps the most common correlational technique is Pearsons product-moment correlation. You square the Pearsons product-moment correlation to get the coefficient of determination, which will indicate the amount of variance in one variable accounted for by another variable. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics permit social researchers to determine whether their findings can be generalized from their samples to the populations they represent. Consider a simple investigation in which an experimental group that is exposed to a condition is compared with a control group that is not. For the difference between the means of the two groups to be statistically significant, the difference must have a low probability (usually less than 5 percent) of occurring by normal random variation. Sources: McGraw Hill. (2001). Statistics Primer for Sociology. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/sociology/statistics/stat_intro.htm

Essay about Oroonoko, by Aphra Behn - 1336 Words

Aphra Behn’s novel, Oroonoko, gives a very different perspective on a slave narrative. Her characters embody various characteristics not usually given to those genders and races. Imoinda’s character represents both the modern feminist, as well as the subservient and mental characteristics of the typical eighteenth-century English woman. Oroonoko becomes an embodiment of what is normally a white man’s characteristic; he is the noble, princely, and sympathetic character that is not usually attributed to black men in general throughout most novels of slavery. The complete opposite character style is given to the slavers; the English are viewed as the barbaric, cunning, brutal characters that are usually portrayed in opposite and more generous†¦show more content†¦Contrary to the natural and proper place of women within the era, during the mutiny while â€Å"the Women and Children seeing their Husbands so treated, being of fearful cowardly Dispositions, [â € ¦] all run in [†¦] and hung about them, crying out, Yield! Yield! And leave Caesar to their Revenge† (64), to which the other slaves consent, thus abandoning Caesar and Tuscan to the white men’s wrath. Yet, there stands a largely pregnant Imoinda â€Å"press[ed] near her Lord, having a Bow and a Quiver full of poisoned Arrows, which she managed with such dexterity, that she wounded several, and shot the Governor in the Shoulder† (64-65). Her slave name is given to be Clemene, yet unlike Oroonoko’s Caesar, Imoinda is rarely referred to as such; she becomes her own person rather than the English slavers property. Through all the strengths that she conveys, Imoinda is still portrayed as similar to her English counterparts when she supports Oroonoko in all of his decisions, including in his suggestion that he kill her to escape her slavery and possible â€Å"ravish[ing]† (71) followed by a painful death. Her support for her own death at his hand is not given from her point of view, she agrees to his justification and not just asks to be killed, but begs for it. She is filled with joy at the idea of his killing her, that â€Å"she so tenderly loved, and [†¦] truly ador’d in this† (72). In Imoinda’s eyes her husband is like her deity, that the greatest love is to die by his hand. She willingly laysShow MoreRelatedOroonoko, By Aphra Behn Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesessay is â€Å"Oroonoko† by Aphra Behn. This narrative could be viewed in many different ways. One way it can be seen is as a biography, another is a memoir, but it can also be seen as a trave l narrative. In this essay I will touch base on the topics of switching power. By switching power I mean how different individual’s power fluctuates within situations in the novel. Aphra Behn and Oroonoko are able to exceed the way they are viewed. Behn is both the narrator and the author and Oroonoko is the princeRead MoreOroonoko, By Aphra Behn1598 Words   |  7 Pages Oroonoko is a novel by author Aphra Behn, in which Behn tried to illustrate the life of the African Prince, who was captured and made slave, Oroonoko. Behn offers criticism for the cruelest of Europeans, while still holding a bias against people of color. She ignores self-identity while focusing on the exotic other that fills the pages of her book. Though she tries to make the African character relatable, she maintains her sense of European superiority. She also portrays a somewhat accurate depictionRead MoreAnalysis Of Oroonoko By Aphra Behn937 Words   |  4 PagesAphra Behn’s Oroonoko; or The Roy al Slave, highlights the immorality of European colonization by focusing on how it serves as a means to corrupt the purity of foreign cultures and deliberately disrupts their way of life. There is an undeniable indication of cultural corruption throughout Behn’s work. The title itself, exemplifies the intricacy of Behn’s work, due to her blatant use of binary oppositions, in order to emphasize the conflicting views of both colonizer and slave. Slaves are unlikelyRead MoreAphra Behn s Work Oroonoko Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesAphra Behn’s work Oroonoko was ahead of its time in its discussion of slavery and colonization. Oroonoko revealed the negative side of the slave trading industry which was something almost unheard of in the 17th century when slave trading was a booming business and a part of everyday life. In the work it can be validated that Behn’s reason behind writing this novel in this time period was that she did not want this man’s l ife to be forgotten or be lost in vain. Furthermore, it is believe that BehnRead MoreAnalysis Of Aphra Behn s Oroonoko958 Words   |  4 PagesAphra Behn, since the start of story Oroonoko takes on an apologetic tone in her narration of the story. She starts of by apologizing (examples) as to the form of her writing and why she writes some parts of the story while omitting others. It is not fully understood whether when Behn refers to being â€Å"a female pen† she does so in a sarcastic way or with a deeper meaning, giving a double sense to her story. That although she writes about a male character, she decides to write and exalt those partsRead MoreVirtue in Oroonoko (The Royal Slave) by Aphra Behn Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe story, Oroonoko; or, The Royal Slave, written by Aphra Behn, depicts the main character, Oroonoko, as being an African prince that lives among his people, whom all abide by a code of virtue and fidelity. When Oroonoko is faced with a dilemma in his own country and living among a â€Å"civilized† white society, that are devout Christians, he is confronted with the burden to uphold his code of virtue and maintain a title of being a â€Å"Noble Savage† by means of loyalty, religious beliefs, and honor. OroonokoRead MoreAphra Behn s Oroonoko As A Tale Of An African Prince And Victorious General Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesAphra Behn’s Oroonoko is a tale of an African prince and victorious general, Oroonoko, who loses his heart to the lovely Imoinda. First published in the year 1688 when African slavery through the barbaric trans-Atlantic slave business became established as an economic, transcontinental system. This tale draws on the popular literary themes of aristocratic romance, social censure and travel narrative. It indicates a few ways in which the British were starting to view cultural and racial differencesRead MoreAn Analysis Of Aphra Behn s Seventeenth Century Travel Narrative, Oroonoko, And Utopia1289 Words   |  6 Pages As Europeans discovered other cultures during the Age of Exploration, travelers returned with knowledge of new religious, political, and economic systems. Aphra Behn’s seventeenth-century travel narrative, Oroonoko, describes the lif e of Oroonoko, an African prince and slave in Surinam, while contrasting the cruelty of the Europeans with the morality of the Africans and natives of Surinam. Thomas More’s sixteenth-century Utopia displays his subtle criticism of English society behind the wordsRead MoreAphra Behn s Oroonoko : The Way That It Has Two Significantly Different And Carefully Designed Settings1047 Words   |  5 PagesAphra Behn’s Oroonoko is unique in the way that it has two significantly different and carefully designed settings that help her to get her main point across more effectively. The narrator of this book seems to have a lot in common with Aphra Behn herself. It can be argued that Behn is using her experiences but writing in a way that â€Å"inflates† her own status to create the narrator. The book is claimed to be non-fiction, but it is unsure of how much is actually true and what is made up, however, Behn’sRead MoreOroonoko1235 Words   |  5 Pagesdesire of man to dominate and control is continuous. In this novel the author illustrates a side of the injustice inflected on the world. Oroonoko is a short novel written by English author Aphra Behn. Aphra Behn s novel Oroonoko is one of the earliest forms of literature that sheds the light on the matter of slavery taking many shapes throughout the novel. Oroonoko, a prince taking part in the trafficking of slaves that later on becomes a victim of this vile crime. He is given the lead role in her

Jeremy clarkson Long Live Extinction Essay Example For Students

Jeremy clarkson Long Live Extinction Essay I have late read your article ‘Stuff the Tiger – long unrecorded extinction’ and disagree strongly with the positions you put frontward. Your statements are undue and the illustrations you use to show are defective and beliing to each other. In this article. you have mentioned how extinction doesn’t have any impact on world. Besides. your sentiments were based upon natural extinction and Darwin’s theory of the endurance of the fittest alternatively of human intercession. I would wish to turn to what I believe to be the chief jobs with these statements in a manner that would assist heighten the apprehension of the motive and intent of preservation work. Biologists estimate that the rate of extinction is at least 1000 to 10000 the rate before worlds were seen on planet Earth. This shows man-kinds impact upon nature and us worlds are responsible for it. We as an understanding species should turn to this state of affairs. By non cognizing the difference between the construct of natural choice and humanity’s manus in determining the environment would let your decision to go on. What I believe the chief job is the manner humans think of this and the manner they react to it. The impact of the extinction of wild life varies between the different species. If a marauder becomes extinct the quarry might infest an ecosystem. If a quarry carnal becomes nonextant so the marauders will hunger it is all intertwined together. to do life balanced and we should non alter the manner of life is and we are tipping the weight at the other manus of the graduated table and makes it travel out of control and when things are non in order they are in pandemonium. You besides stated that â€Å"there are enough more fish in the sea† and assumed that since there are a batch of other animate beings that exist. it wouldn’t affair if one was wiped out off the face of Earth. This phrase does non use to this state of affairs because each and every animate being is alone and plays their particular portion in the ecosystem and besides the environment. You quote in you are article that we are taking their lone industry. Surveies prove that where there are endangered animate beings there are tourist attractive force and that there are occupations where there are attractive forces and that consequences in a important factor. Money. They might non hold occupations with few options available to back up their households ; these people may turn to illegal hunting. and offenses. Farming in distant countries further increases these menaces to wildlife and wild lands Due to that the COMACO plan has authorized for locals to larn new trades. like. honey farms. Farming. wood plants. and craftworks and In add-on. it has reduced the 10s of 1000s of traps and shots out of the wild. salvaging every bit big Numberss of wild and endangered animate beings and besides salvaging the hapless locals to acquire money. Animals are animals that are a portion of the eco-system. non as Clarkson thinks ‘as irrelevant as the decease of a faraway star†™ . They have their right to populate as we have ours. All animals have their ain intent and we don’t decide whether they live or die. As the most developed and dominant species. it is occupation to do certain that nature is preserved. I see that it is unjust for us to kill Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Peoples kill Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams for illegal money and that Extinction is a bad thing. Especially extinction caused by worlds as it makes us 7 billion worlds each and everyone of us responsible. it means that you as a individual with a high position should be assisting out and move a function theoretical account and people will follow by cut downing pollution by non littering. recycling paper to cut down the sum of wood cut down by deforestation. as salvaging the universe small by small and every small helps retrieve and rush the mending procedure of the hurt planet. .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a , .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .postImageUrl , .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a , .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a:hover , .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a:visited , .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a:active { border:0!important; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a:active , .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7c4ade4a86f5219d0061d28cea2ce1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Huntingtons Disease Essay SummaryI would wish you to understand that nil can replace a infinite of a species that becomes nonextant and one time a species is gone. it is gone everlastingly and we can non make anything to convey it back. it is excessively late for some species to come back but while some are endangered and have some hope to cleaving on to so we need to back up alternatively of conveying its early death.